DeepFin.Org - Phylogeny of All Fishes

Jenynsia tucumana new species is described from the upper Río Salí basin, province of Tucumán, northwestern Argentina. The new species is diagnosed by the possession of a row of dark markings ranging from dots to small vertical stripes from the tip of adpressed pectoral fin to the posterior margin of the hypural. Also, the new species has a mandibular canal pore W and a symmetrical fifth anal-fin ray in adult males; whereas the females lack a urogenital swelling. According to a phylogenetic reanalysis of the genus, the new species is sister to most species of the subgenus Jenynsia, except for J. onca and possibly J. sanctaecatarinae.

Cetopsis starnesi, wurde zum ersten Mal in Argentinien nachgewiesen; Kommentare zur Identifikation von Cetopsis gobiodes im Río Paraná-Becken werden ergänzt.

A new species of deep-sea eelpout, Pachycara alepidotum, is described from four specimens, 199ï¿½282 mm SL, collected in the upper bathyal zone off Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil, and is the first record of the genus in the southwestern Atlantic. It is characterized by its lack of scales and ventral lateral line, few caudal vertebrae and only 1ï¿½2 rakers on the upper limb of the first gill arch. The largest specimen is an adult female.

The authors describe and illustrate a new species of Cynoglossus from Iran seacoast: Cynoglossus persicus n. sp. (Persian tonguefish) the new species belongs to the flat fishes and is compared with C. puncticeps.

A new taxon of Percoidei, Indiaichthys bamanborensis n. gen. et sp. and a Percomorpha indet. from the intertrappean beds at Bamanbor, India (Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene age) are described and their systematic positions are discussed. The Indian material is represented by articulated specimens that are some of the most complete Late Cretaceousï¿½Paleocene perciforms recovered until now. Due to its generalized morphological pattern, with some resemblances to certain centropomids (e.g., development of the ascendent and articular processes of the premaxilla, two epurals, and two uroneurals) and its unique combination of features (e.g., partial fusion of distal radials in the most anterior dorsal pterygiophores, dentigerous arm of premaxilla very deep posteriorly, co-occurrence of two epurals and two uroneurals), Indiaichthys cannot be assigned to any of the fossil or extant percoid families and it is left in a family indeterminate. In contrast to Indiaichthys, Percormorpha indet. is known by one incomplete but nevertheless rather informative specimen. According to the available information, it shares with some centropomids the peculiar morphology of the posterior region of the lower jaw. However, due to its incompleteness it cannot be assigned to any percomorph group. Articulated Late Cretaceous-Paleocene perciforms are represented by few specimens that have been recovered in different continents. For instance, the extinct genera Eoserranus and Indiaichthys n. gen. (India), Nardoichthys (Italy), and Saldenioichthys (Argentina) and the extant genus Percichthys (Bolivia). Due to their combination of characters Nardoichthys and Saldenioichthys are interpreted as Perciformes incertae sedis, and Eoserranus and Indiaichthys as Percoidei incertae sedis. The oldest articulated perciform, Nardoichthys, was recovered in sediments of about 71 Ma in age; in contrast, the oldest perciform otoliths are about 85 Ma old and were recovered in Austria. Because there are only a few Late Cretaceous records of otoliths and skeletal remnants of extinct perciforms, it is apparently that many of the extant families arose during the Eocene-Miocene. However, the fossil record is still poor in comparison to the enormous diversification of perciforms today. Even considering the incompleteness of the fossil record, the available information indicates that perciforms underwent a tremendous radiation during the last five millions years.

Astyanax tupi n. sp. is described from the streams Cuñapirú Chico and Cuñapirú, draining in Paraná river in the province of Misiones, Argentinean northeast. A combination of characters differentiates the new species from other congeners: long pectoral fin always surpassing the pelvic-fin origin; origin of anal fin at level of a vertical through fifth or sixth branched dorsal-fin rays; one supraopercular and two humeral spots on flanks; 2-3 maxillary teeth; (10.2-11.9 % SL); maxillary length (100.0-136.6 % interorbital width); 35-38 perforated scales in lateral line; 24-27 branched anal fin rays, and deep body (36.9-42.6 % SL).

A new species of the tribe Otothyrini is described from the Río Uruguay basin in Misiones, Argentina. Epactionotus aky n.sp. was collected in the streams Fortaleza and Garibaldi; both streams are headwaters of the arroyo Yabotí-Guazú. The new species is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: 1) 21 to 23 lateral plates; 2) light stripes extended from snout tip to supraoccipital level; 3) caudal fin with dark vertical stripes; 4) ventral surface of body completely covered by small platelets; 5) 1-4 feeble serrae on distal portion of pectoral spine posterior margin.

Anatolia is regarded as the center of diversication of Aphanius because 6 species and 4 subspecies of 14 Aphanius species described to date occur only in Anatolia. Random amplied polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to examine genetic relationship among Aphanius species and subspecies in Turkey. The average gene diversity between populations was 0.243 and only 38.78% of this diversity occurred within populations. Genetic variation between populations was in general congruent with the most recent classication of Aphanius based on morphological characteristics and of mitochondrial DNA sequence data. RAPD analysis has been useful in study of phylogenetic relationship of Aphanius species and subspecies from Anatolia.

"Spreitzer" vertebrae, a unique character found only in Ammocrypta, unites the two subgenera Ammocrypta (sand darters) and Crystallaria (crystal darter) in the same genus Ammocrypta. 44 species of percids are used for the analysis. 3 species of Ammocrypta are examined, A. asprella, A. clara, and A. pellucia.

New geographic localities are noted for chimaera cestodarian, Gyrocotyle rugosa, from the central Atlantic; it and Antillean snake eel, Ophichthus spinicauda; Caribbean lanternshark, Etmopterus hillianus; and dwarf cat shark, Scyliorhinus torrei, for the Caribbean Sea; those, black verilus, Verilus sordidus; dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus; lesser amberjack, Seriola fasciata; and longfinned bullseye, Cookeolus japonicus, for the insular Caribbean; all above (except Antillean snake eel), and bearded brotula, Brotula barbata; bigeye sixgill shark, Hexachus nakamurai; Darwin’s slimehead, Gephyroberyx darwinii; longsnout scorpionfish, Pontinus castor; short bigeye, Pristigeny altus; and tropical pomfret, Eumegistus brevorti, for Puerto Rico. Gulf of Mexico, Sargasso Sea, and Mexico are new for Antillean snake eel; French Guiana, Guyana, Isla La Tortuga, Jamaica, Pedro Bank, St. Croix, and St. Thomas for bearded brotula; Barbados, Dominican Republic, Florida, Florida Keys, Gulf of Mexico, St. Thomas, southern Caribbean Sea, and Tortola for bigeye sixgill shark; Honduras for black verilus; St. Croix for Caribbean chimaera; Vieques Island for Caribbean lanternshark; Anguilla, Colombia, Cozumel, Jamaica, Suriname, Venezuela, Yucatán for Darwin’s slimehead; Saba Bank for dusky shark; Barbados and the Pedro Bank for lesser amberjack; Barbados, Dominican Republic, and Grenada for longsnout scorpionfish; Dominican Republic, Grenadines, and off South America for short bigeye; Campeche Bank, Panama, and Gulf of Mexico for shortjaw lizardfish, Saurida normani; Bahamas, Barbados, Campeche Bank, Cay Sal Bank, Dominican Republic, Grand Bahama Island, Inagua Islands, Panama for tattler, Serranus phoebe; Bimini, Lang Bank, and St. Croix for tropical pomfret. Also 17 depth and 2 size records are noted, and 5 species diagnostic characters modified. All these additions indicate how poorly this ichthyofauna is known.

We addressed phylogenetic relationships in the genus Trachurus using cytochrome b gene and D-loop sequences. The trees showed five groups: (1) the Southwest Pacific species (T. japonicus, T. novaezelandiae, and T. declivis); (2) The Mediterranean Sea and Eastern Atlantic species (T. mediterraneus); (3) The Atlantic Ocean species (T. lathami and T. trecae); (4) Eastern Atlantic species (T. trachurus and T. capensis); and (5) a group of highly mobile pelagic species, two from the Eastern Pacific (T. symmetricus and T. murphyi) and one from the Eastern Atlantic (T. picturatus). The phylogeny based on Cyt b, supports the molecular clock hypothesis and our results agree with the reported fossil indicating that the origin of this genus occur when the Thetys Sea closed (around 18.4 MYA). In addition, a very slow neutral substitution rate is reported identified only two periods of maximum diversiWcation: the first occurring between 18.4 and 15.0 MYA and the second between 8.4 MYA and present day.

This paper presents the first thoroughly revised list of Danish fishes in more than 30 years. It comprises 246 species, summarizing e.g. the 30 recorded for the first time since 1970 and one that is result of taxonomic revision. The earliest account of Danish freshwater and marine fishes included 139 species (Krøyer 1838-53), the latest dealt with 215 species (Muus 1970). We include all species that with certainty have been recorded from Danish freshwater and in Danish territorial water (Fig. 1) i.e. species present in collections and/or mentioned in scientific publications. Undocumented species and single specimens of species released from aquaria are not included.The 246 species comprised 194 (79%) marine (reproduce in salt water) and 52 (21%) freshwater species (reproduce in freshwater). A total of 143 (58%) species are breeding in Danish waters and of these 136 (95%) are native while 7 (5%) species are introduced, breeding species. The three-spined stickleback, breeding both in salt- and freshwater, is considered a marine species in the statistics.

Phylogenetic analyses dealing with disjunct distributions (distributions that require marine dispersal or vicariant events) are reviewed for the Cichlidae. The most corroborated relationship between clades across a Gondwanan disjunction is the sister relationship between Indian and Malagasy cichlids. The minimum age of the Cichlidae as implied by the fossil record is at odds with the timing of the Cretaceous break of the Indian-Madagascar landmass. All well sampled phylogenies for this group fit a pattern reflecting Gondwanan break-up. Grounds for strictly dispersalist hypotheses are not well founded for any cichlid disjunct distribution, leaving vicariance alternatives as the only explanation.

A new species of Pareiorhina is described from the Ribeira˜o Grande and adjacent drainages, in the left bank of the Rio Paraı´ba do Sul basin, in Sa˜o Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Pareiorhina brachyrhyncha is uniquely diagnosed among its congeners by the reduction or absence of azygous plates in front of the nuchal plate. It also differs from its congeners by the presence of a minute lateral cusp in the teeth, wider body, anterior and lateral profile of head rounded, broad distal profile of the paired fins, and lower number of vertebrae. The species is considered to be closely related to the sympatric P. rudolphi, based on the lack of azygous dorsal plates above the caudal peduncle.

Although much progress has been made recently in teleostean phylogeny, relationships among the main lineages of the higher teleosts (Acanthomorpha), containing more than 60% of all fish species, remain poorly defined. This study represents the most extensive taxonomic sampling effort to date to collect new molecular characters for phylogenetic analysis of acanthomorph fishes. We compiled and analyzed three independent data sets, including: (i) mitochondrial ribosomal fragments from 12S and 16s (814 bp for 97 taxa); (ii) nuclear ribosomal 28S sequences (847 bp for 74 taxa); and (iii) a nuclear protein-coding gene, rhodopsin (759 bp for 86 taxa). Detailed analyses were conducted on each data set separately and the principle of taxonomic congruence without consensus trees was used to assess confidence in the results as follows. Repeatability of clades from separate analyses was considered the primary criterion to establish reliability, rather than bootstrap proportions from a single combined (total evidence) data matrix. The new and reliable clades emerging from this study of the acanthomorph radiation were: Gadiformes (cods) with Zeioids (dories); Beloniformes (needlefishes) with Atheriniformes (silversides); blenioids (blennies) with Gobiesocoidei (clingfishes); Channoidei (snakeheads) with Anabantoidei (climbing gouramies); Mastacembeloidei (spiny eels) with Synbranchioidei (swamp-eels); the last two pairs of taxa grouping together, Syngnathoidei (aulostomids, macroramphosids) with Dactylopteridae (flying gurnards); Scombroidei (mackerels) plus Stromatoidei plus Chiasmodontidae; Ammodytidae (sand lances) with Cheimarrhichthyidae (torrentfish); Zoarcoidei (eelpouts) with Cottoidei; Percidae (perches) with Notothenioidei (Antarctic fishes); and a clade grouping Carangidae (jacks), Echeneidae (remoras), Sphyraenidae (barracudas), Menidae (moonfish), Polynemidae (threadfins), Centropomidae (snooks), and Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes).

Knowledge of the correct phylogenetic relationships among animals is crucial for the valid interpretation of evolutionary trends in biology. Zebrafish, medaka, pufferfish and cichilds are fish models for development, genomics and comparative genetics studies, although their phylogenetic relationships have not been tested rigorously. The results of phylogenomic analysis based on 20 nuclear protein-coding genes confirmed the basal placement of zebrafish in the fish phylogeny but revealed an unexpected relationship among the other three species, contrary to traditionally held systematic views based on morphology. Our analyses show that medaka (Beloniformes) and cichlids (Perciformes) appear to be more closely related to each other than either of them is to pufferfish (Tetraodontiformes), suggesting that a re-interpretation of some findings in comparative biology might be required. In addition, phylogenomic analyses show that fish typically have more copies of nuclear genes than land vertebrates, supporting the fish-specific genome duplication hypothesis.

Several recent molecular studies have begun to clarify the phylogeny of Acanthomorpha (Teleostei), a wide clade of teleost fishes. However, different molecular datasets do not agree on a single history of the taxa, probably because of marker-specific biases. The ‘total-evidence’ approach maximizes character congruence, butmay be biased by a single robust, but non-phylogenetic constraint from one dataset.We have therefore taken the approach to analyse also each dataset separately prior to their combination, and detect repeated groups: signal common to markers is more probably a reflection of shared ancestry than marker-specific signal. Partial sequences (678+527 base pairs) of exons of the MLL gene (Mixed Lineage Leukaemia-like) gene were used, as well as the datasets of Chen et al. (ribosomal 28S, rhodopsin gene, mitochondrial 12S and 16S). Most of the repeated clades of Chen et al. are supported by the new dataset. Some new groups were repeatedly found: a Scarus–Labrus group (clade M), the presence of Gasterosteidae as a sister taxon or within the clade Zoarcoidei–Cottoidei (clade Is), Polymixia as a sister-group to the clade Zeoidei–Gadiformes (clade O), the clade Q grouping Mugiloidei, Cichlidae, Atherinomorpha, Blennioidei and Gobiesocoidei; and the interesting clade N, reducing potential sister-groups to Tetraodontiformes to either Caproidei, Lophiiformes, Acanthuroidei, Drepanidae, Chaetodontidae, and Pomacanthidae.

Phylogeographic reconstructions using mitochondrial DNA sequences from both the control region and the cytochrome b gene demonstrated that two disjunct populations be recognized as Trachurus murphyi and Trachurus symmetricus. The species have been isolated for at least 250 000 years.

Analysis of the "Dana" collection of larval fishes yielded 36 exterilium larvae and 17 rubaniform larvae. Both of these larval types reach large sizes before transformation and are characterized by an exterilium gut, although it is less strongly expressed in rubaniform larvae. Both have early-forming, elongate, descending processes of the coracoid that serve to support the trailing intestines. Both have a greatly reduced pelvic girdle attached to a stalk-like cartilaginous structure, resulting in a pelvic fin origin well posterior to the cleithral symphysis, a position that is without precedent in the family. Both of these larval types also strongly display an anterior to posterior developmental sequence, lose the pelvic fin rays at transformation, have extraordinarily elongate proximal radials supporting their dorsal and anal fins, and modified proximal radials supporting the anterior dorsal fin rays. After examination of these larvae and reference to five previously described exterilium larvae and one previously described rubaniform larva, we conclude that they belong to Lamprogrammus (3 species) and Brotulotaenia (4 species), respectively. The most recent classification of the Ophidiidae places Brotulotaenia in the monotypic subfamily Brotulotaeniinae, and Lamprogrammus in the subfamily Neobythitinae along with 37 other genera. The latter subfamily is an unwieldy assemblage for which monophyly has never been established. The ontogenetic evidence suggests a closer relationship between Brotulotaenia and Lamprogrammus and the most economical reorganization of the ophidiids would involve moving the latter genus into the Brotulotaeniinae.

In Argentina, the Nototheniidae is represented by about 20 species, which mostly live in coastal waters of the continental shelf and slope. A few species inhabit inshore waters along the coasts of Patagonia and the Fueguian and Falkland (Malvinas) archipelagos and even reach rocky intertidal zones (Norman 1937, Hart 1946). Patagonotothen sima (Richardson 1844) is distributed in the Atlantic from the San Matias Gulf (around 42 S) to the Beagle Channel (54 50 S), inhabiting shallow waters including the intertidal zones. During faunal surveys in the rocky intertidal zone in Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz (by A. Gosztonyi), it was noted that males of P. sima, one of the most common fish species in that habitat, appeared to have a higher second dorsal fin than the females.

Abstract: A total of 34 species of gobies (Teleostei, Gobiidae) are known from the Hawaiian Islands, four of which are freshwater species. All species are treated in a key, but only marine species are illustrated and treated in detail. Information on their nomenclature, counts and measurements, distinctive characters, coloration, distribution and habitat is presented. Two new species, Cabillus caudimacula, and Pleurosicya larsonae are described. An unidentified species of Favonigobius from O’ahu, a possible introduction, is discussed.

Three species of Apogon have been reported from Easter Island, two of which are here described as new: Apogon kauteamea (formerly A. coccineus), small, translucent red, with VI first-dorsal spines, a free edge of skin near the anterior nasal opening, and two rows of scales between the lateral line and the base of the third dorsal spine; and Apogon rubrifuscus (formerly talboti), distinct in having two predorsal bones and 12 pectoral-fin rays. It is similar to A. deetsie and A. caudicinctus, but has a much larger membranous preopercular flap, lacks any dark bars on the body, and attains larger size (101.5 mm SL).

The third species in the genus Allenbatrachus, A. meridionalis, is described from Madagascar and Reunion, the southernmost occurrence of the genus. It differs from the other two described species, A. grunniens and A. reticulatus, by having more anal and dorsal-fin rays, differently shaped orbital cirri and maxillary barbels, and being darker in coloration.

Phylogenetic relationships within the family Rivulidae (order Cyprinodontiformes) are investigated using 1972 aligned base pairs of mitochondrial DNA for samples representing 66 species. Genes analyzed include those encoding the 12S ribosomal RNA; transfer RNAs for valine, glutamine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, asparagine, cysteine and tyrosine; complete NADH dehydrogenase subunit II, and part of cytochrome oxidase I. Parsimony analysis of the aligned mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences results in a single most parsimonious tree. The phylogeny reveals two independent origins of developmental diapause within the family Rivulidae. It is unlikely that diapause was invented de novo in each group, suggesting that the presence or absence of diapause is the result of developmental switches between alternative stabilized pathways. Phylogeny of the family Rivulidae shows high concordance with predictions derived from the geological history of South America and Central America. Basal lineages in the rivulid phylogeny are distributed primarily on geologically old areas, whereas more nested lineages occur in geologically younger areas. However, there is little concordance between the molecular phylogeny and currently available morphological hypotheses and existing taxonomies. Based on the mtDNA phylogeny, the genera Pterolebias, Rivulus, Pituna and Plesiolebias are considered nonmonophyletic, and warrant taxonomic reassessment.

To test vicariant speciation hypotheses derived from geological evidence of the closing of the Tethys Sea, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of the predominantly fresh-water killifish genus Aphanius using 3263 aligned base pairs of mitochondrial DNA from samples representing 49 populations of 13 species. We use additional 11 cyprinodontid species as outgroup taxa. Genes analyzed include those encoding the partial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNAs; transfer RNAs for Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Glutamine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Alanine, Asparagine, Cysteine and Tyrosine; and complete NADH dehydrogenase subunit I and II. Molecular substitution rate for this DNA region is estimated at of 8.6 ± 0.1 10-9 substitutions/base pair/year, and is derived from a well dated transgression of the Red Sea into the Wadi Sirhan of Jordan 13 million year ago (MYA); an alternate substitution rate of 1.1 ± 0.2 10-8 substitutions/base pair/year is estimated from fossil evidence. Aphanius forms two major clades which correspond to the former eastern and western Tethys Sea. Within the eastern clade oligocene divergence into a fresh-water clade inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula and an euhaline clade inhabiting coastal area from Pakistan to Somalia is observed. Within the western Tethys Sea clade we observe a middle Oligocene divergence into Iberian Peninsula and Atlas mountains, and Turkey and Iran sections. Within Turkey we observe a large amount of genetic differentiation correlated with late Miocene orogenic events. Based on concordance of patterns of phylogenetic relationships and area relationships derived from geological and fossil data, as well as temporal congruence of these patterns, we support a predominantly vicariant-based speciation hypothesis for the genus Aphanius. An exception to this pattern forms the main clade of A. fasciatus, an euhaline circum-Mediterranean species, which shows little genetic differentiation or population structuring, thus providing no support for the hypothesis of vicariant differentiation associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis. The two phylogenetically deepest events were also likely driven by ecological changes associated with the closing of the Tethys Sea.

A new killifish species, Aphanius villwocki, is described from the upper Sakarya River basin of Anatolia, central Asiatic Turkey. It is distinguished from the other Anatolian Aphanius species by maximum attainable size, adult color pattern and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data, the new species forms a sister taxon to A. anatoliae and A. danfordii.

A new killifish species, Rivulus duckensis, is described from the Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. It is distinguished from other central Amazonian Rivulus species by maximum body size, adult color pattern, habitat preference and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data, our best hypothesis suggests that R. duckensis is sister taxon to a clade of Rivulus species occurring in the upper Río Orinoco basin, Amazonas state, Venezuela and Rivulus rectocaudatus, Amazonas department, Peru.

Phylogenetic analysis of 13 mitochondrial DNA genes of Austrofundulus Myers 1932 indicates that as presently recognized, A. limnaeus is composed of several populations with monophyletic haplotype lineages, which together are paraphyletic with respected to A. transilis. These populations were previously united based on shared plesiomorphic morphometric characters. Austrofundulus myersi is removed from synonymy; four new species: A. rupununi, A. leohoignei, A. guajira, and A. leoni are described; and A. limnaeus is restricted to populations along the eastern side of Lake Maracaibo. In contrast, populations of A. transilis from the Río Apure Llanos and the lower Río Unare basin show little divergence. The proposed phylogeny: (A. myersi (A. leoni (A. limnaeus (A. guajira (A. leohoignei (A. rupununi (A. transilis))))))) is strongly supported by high bootstrap values and Bremer decay indexes, and unique length variations in the 12S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene. The distributions and the relationships of the newly erected species are concordant with the geological history of northern South America.

Phylogenetic relationships of a subset of Aphanius fish comprising central Anatolia, Turkey are investigated to test the hypothesis of geographic speciation driven by early Pliocene orogenic events in spite of morphological similarity. We use 3434 aligned base pairs of mitochondrial DNA from 42 samples representing 36 populations of three species and six outgroup species to test this hypothesis. Genes analyzed include those encoding the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNAs; transfer RNAs coding for valine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, asparagine, cysteine and tyrosine; and complete NADH dehydrogenase subunit I and II. Distance based minimum evolution and maximum likelihood analyses identify six well supported clades consisting of A. danfordii, A. sp. aff danfordii, and four clades of A. anatoliae. Parsimony analysis results in 462 equally parsimonious trees, all of which contain the six well supported clades identified in the other analyses. Our phylogenetic results are supported by hybridization studies (Villwock, 1964), and by the geological history of Anatolia. Phylogenetic relationships among the six clades are only weakly supported, however, and differ among analytical methods. We therefore test and subsequently reject the hypothesis of simultaneous diversification among the six central Anatolian clades. However, our analyses do not identify any internodes that are significantly better supported than expected by chance alone. Therefore, although bifurcating branching order is hypothesized to underlie this radiation, the exact branching order is difficult to estimate with confidence.

We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Pseudophoxinus (Cyprinidae: Leuciscinae) species from central Anatolia, Turkey to test the hypothesis of geographic speciation driven by early Pliocene orogenic events. We analyzed 1141 aligned base pairs of the complete cytochrome b mitochondrial gene. Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed by maximum likelihood, Bayesian likelihood and maximum parsimony methods are identical, and generally well supported. Species and clades are restricted to geologically well-defined units, and are deeply divergent from each other. The basal diversification of central Anatolian Pseudophoxinus is estimated to have occurred approximately 15 million years ago. Our results are in agreement with a previous study of the Anatolian fish genus Aphanius that also shows a diversification pattern driven by the Pliocene orogenic events. The distribution of clades of Aphanius and Pseudophoxinus overlap, and areas of distribution comprise the same geological units. The geological history of Anatolia is likely to have had a major impact on the diversification history of many taxa occupying central Anatolia; many of these taxa are likely to be still unrecognized as distinct.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ICHTHYOFAUNA FROM THE UPPER IGUAÇU RIVER BASIN, PARANÁ, BRAZIL. A survey of the species of fishes from the Upper Iguaçu River Basin deposited in Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia is presented. Forty-one species were identified, of which eight are endemics and ten belong to indefinite taxonomic status. Three species (Astyanax sp. n., Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Clarias gariepinus) are mentioned by the first time to the basin. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is a very common exotic aquarium fish and Clarias gariepinus is also an exotic fish used in fish culture. Astyanax altiparanae is a new record for the Upper Iguaçu River Basin. During the present survey, Glandulocauda melanopleura, which was considered rare, was registered, and Hyphessobrycon taurocephalus, known only by the type series, was not found. An identification key for all the species of fishes recorded is provided.